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Article History

Received: 19 August 2025

Revised: 22 October 2025

Accepted: 24 October 2025

First Online: 29 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The study received ethical approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh (Approval No. FHLSREC/DIU/2024/SMIG-11). Permission for data collection was obtained from the hospital director and the Obstetrics & Gynecology department authority.

: Not Applicable.

: All participants provided written informed consent preoperatively at the time of admission for CS, with assurances of confidentiality, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw without consequences. Respondents were informed about the study’s objectives, data confidentiality, and their right to withdraw at any stage without consequences. All identifying information was removed from forms, and data were coded with unique IDs to ensure anonymity. The study adhered to the ethical principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and ensured no coercion or exploitation of vulnerable groups.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable.