S, Fahira Haseen
P, Lakshmi
S, Madhupreetha
Funding for this research was provided by:
Center for Research, Anna University (Anna Centenary Research Fellowship)
Article History
Received: 15 November 2024
Revised: 25 July 2025
Accepted: 20 August 2025
First Online: 9 September 2025
Declarations
:
: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
: The experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with institutional safety guidelines. The EV-QCM test rig was operated in a controlled laboratory environment, and all components used-including actuators, sensors, and controllers, are certified for research and educational purposes. The vehicle platform was tested at a low speed of 20 km/h to ensure mechanical stability, and electrical systems were isolated as per safety standards. All experiments were supervised by qualified personnel to minimize risks and ensure compliance with standard operating conditions.