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Article History

Received: 23 July 2025

Revised: 7 October 2025

Accepted: 26 December 2025

First Online: 18 February 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with established ethical guidelines and standards for research in structural engineering. As the research did not involve human participants, animals, or sensitive data, formal ethics approval was not required. All experimental procedures were carried out responsibly, ensuring the safety and integrity of testing methods and compliance with relevant institutional and industry standards. The materials used and the testing protocols adhered to standard codes of practice to maintain transparency and reliability of the results.

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.