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Article History

Received: 8 October 2024

Accepted: 24 January 2025

First Online: 3 March 2025

Declarations

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: The materials used in this study were sourced sustainably as waste products to promote environmental responsibility. The eucalyptus plants were collected as part of Kampala International University’s waste disposal management initiative. The plantain stems were procured as agricultural waste from local farms, and the periwinkle shells were obtained from a waste dumping site. The collection and use of these waste materials comply with all relevant local and national guidelines for environmentally sustainable development. Additionally, the study adheres to the ethical guidelines established by Kampala International University for the collection, characterization, and documentation of waste materials. No special permissions or licenses were required for the collection of these materials.

: The authors declare no competing interests.