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Authors
Alhammadi, Omar Abdulkarim Saeed https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2663-7447
Othman, Zhinya Kawa https://orcid.org/0009-0008-3914-0867
Udokang, Ephraim Ikpongifono https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5889-5626
Sarfraz, Tayaba https://orcid.org/0009-0004-0774-8713
Okesanya, Olalekan John https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3809-4271
Ogaya, Jerico Bautista https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3595-8643
Lucero-Prisno, Don Eliseo III https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2179-6365
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Article History
Received: 10 February 2025
Accepted: 17 June 2025
First Online: 1 July 2025
Declarations
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: The authors declare that there are no competing interests related to this manuscript. Omar Abdulkarim Saeed Alhammadi; as an associate agent of Q-Share International Ltd, received no funding for this research and has no other financial interests that could be perceived as influencing the submitted work. All other authors have no competing interests to disclose. They critically reviewed, judged, validated, conceptualized, curated, and analyzed the manuscript entirely, ensuring accuracy and integrity in the research process to avoid any potential bias. This statement is made in accordance with the journal's requirements for transparency and disclosure, aimed at fostering trust and clarity in the research community.
