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Article History

Received: 1 June 2025

Accepted: 28 July 2025

First Online: 11 August 2025

Declarations

:

: The study received ethical approval from the College of Social Sciences and Humanities at Arba Minch University (ID: CSSH/1514/15, Protocol No. CSSHRO/012) on March 30, 2023, following the Arba Minch University School of Graduate Studies PhD Guideline (Issue No. 011/2014). This study adhered to rigorous ethical standards by obtaining informed consent from all participants. Verbal consent was secured voluntarily and transparently prior to data collection. Participants were informed that the data would be used exclusively for academic purposes, with no financial compensation provided. The authors clearly communicated measures to ensure participant anonymity, the data collection process, participants’ rights to ask questions, the option to withdraw consent at any time without penalty, and the potential benefits of the research. These steps underscore the study’s commitment to ethical integrity and participant protection.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.