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Article History

Received: 24 March 2025

Accepted: 4 August 2025

First Online: 11 August 2025

Declarations

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: The Tiliacora triandra (Diels) used in this study is a native climbing plant of Thailand, commonly found in suburban areas and villages surrounding cities. It can be propagated from seeds, cultivated independently, and occurs naturally. Dr. Suparerk Charmongkolpradit, one of the co-authors and research collaborators, collected the plant material. The authors affirm that all procedures complied with relevant guidelines and regulations concerning Tiliacora triandra (Diels). The Research Ethics Committee of Rajamangala University of Technology Isan, Khon Kaen Campus, approved the experimental protocol. The collection of plant materials for this study followed local and national guidelines, and no additional certification was required.

: The authors declare no competing interests.