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Article History

Received: 30 May 2025

Accepted: 31 August 2025

First Online: 30 September 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University. At the time of this research, the university did not have a formal institutional ethics approval committee in place. However, the study protocol was internally reviewed, and it was determined that formal ethical approval was not required, as the research involved non-invasive procedures and analysis of publicly available or non-identifiable data. This determination followed the institution’s internal guidelines

: Not applicabl.

: This study is not a clinical trial and does not require trial registration.

: The authors declare no competing interests.