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Article History

Received: 1 July 2025

Accepted: 14 October 2025

First Online: 5 November 2025

Declarations

:

: The MIT-BIH dataset used in this study is publicly standardized data. Its original collection has obtained informed consent from the subjects, and no additional ethical approval is required for the secondary analysis of this study. The actual equipment test has been approved by the Ethics Committee of Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (Ethics Number: RJEC-2023-068). The test subjects were 8 healthy volunteers, all of whom signed informed consent forms, clearly stating the test purpose and data usage. The data was anonymized and encrypted for storage, meeting the requirements of privacy protection.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.