Document is current

Article History

Received: 28 May 2025

Accepted: 16 October 2025

First Online: 12 November 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University. At the time of the research, the university did not have a formal institutional ethics approval committee. However, the study protocol was internally reviewed by the dean of department of Marketing, College of Business Administration, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj and determined that formal ethical approval was not required. All procedures were carried out in accordance with the general ethical principles for research integrity, confidentiality, and responsible conduct, as guided by the internal research ethics standards of Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University. All participants were informed about the purpose of the research and voluntarily agreed to complete the survey. Participation was entirely voluntary and based on informed consent.

: The survey data were collected anonymously and did not include personally identifiable information. Participants were informed that the results may be used for research publication purposes.

: The authors declare no competing interests.