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Article History

Received: 1 September 2025

Accepted: 20 November 2025

First Online: 7 December 2025

Declarations

:

: All authors declare that this is their original work, which has not been previously published elsewhere and is not currently being considered for publication elsewhere. There is no involvement of any animals/animal parts in the current article. The plant material used in this study consisted of naturally shed/fallen needles of Pinus roxburghii collected from the regional areas of Solan (Nauni), HP, India. No live plants were uprooted during sample collection, and the samples were collected in accordance with institutional, national, and international guidelines for non-destructive sampling of plant material. Naturally shed pine needles were used; no specific permission or license was required from authorities. The collection of fallen pine needles was from common, non-endangered species that do not violate the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Policy Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction or Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) guidelines.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.