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Authors
Li, Yanfei
Chen, Qianqian
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
General Project of the "14th Five-Year Plan" for Continuing Education Research of the China Adult Education Association (2023-379Y)
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Article History
Received: 14 August 2025
Accepted: 26 November 2025
First Online: 7 December 2025
Declarations
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: This study did not involve any experiments with human participants or animals that required formal ethical approval. All data used were obtained from publicly available classroom behavior datasets released for academic research purposes.
: No individual human participants were directly involved in this study. Therefore, informed consent to participate was not required.
: The authors affirm that all authors have reviewed and approved the final version of this manuscript and consent to its publication.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
