Document is current

Article History

Received: 21 April 2025

Accepted: 27 November 2025

First Online: 5 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study does not involve humans or live vertebrates; therefore, this section is not applicable. All image data utilized in this study were obtained from publicly accessible orchard environments and did not involve any human participants or animal experimentation. This study does not involve humans or live vertebrates; therefore, this section is not applicable. All image data of the orchard utilized in this study were acquired through lawful means. The dataset has been anonymized to ensure that no personal privacy information is involved.

: This study does not involve humans or live vertebrates; therefore, this section is not applicable. All authors affirm that the content of the manuscript is non-controversial. After thoroughly understanding all relevant matters, we hereby agree to publish this paper in DISCOVER APPLIED SCIENCES and grant the journal the rights to publish it. The journal is authorized to publish, distribute, disseminate, and utilize this paper worldwide in print, electronic, and other lawful formats.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.