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Article History

Received: 19 September 2025

Accepted: 2 December 2025

First Online: 13 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Anhui University of Applied Technology (Approval No: AUAT-EC-2025-0102). All procedures involving human participants were reviewed and approved by the institutional review board prior to data collection. Informed consent was obtained electronically from all participants before enrollment. Participants were provided with a detailed description of the study objectives, data collection procedures, potential risks and benefits, and their rights to withdraw at any time without penalty. Consent was recorded via a secure online form, and participants acknowledged their understanding and voluntary participation. For data privacy, all personal identifiers were removed prior to analysis, and participants were assigned alphanumeric codes to ensure anonymity.

: Consent to publish anonymized and aggregated results was also obtained electronically. Participants were informed that no personal identifying information would be disclosed in any publication or presentation of the research findings.

: The authors declare no competing interests.