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Authors
Soundarya, B. C.
Gururaj, H. L.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal
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Article History
Received: 29 September 2025
Accepted: 22 December 2025
First Online: 3 January 2026
Declarations
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: Not applicable. The study does not involve any human participants or live vertebrates. The human face images referred to in this work are taken from publicly available datasets.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
