Document is current

Article History

Received: 6 September 2025

Accepted: 31 December 2025

First Online: 7 January 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable, as no human/animal study is involved.

: The authors affirm that the utilization of plants or plant parts in this research adheres to all applicable international, national, and institutional guidelines.

: Dr. Gayathri Pai, Department of Botany at MGM College, Udupi, India, has taxonomically verified and authenticated the leaves used in this study. As Artocarpus heterophyllus is a widely available and non-endangered species not listed under any protected category, and the collection was performed in a non-restricted area, no specific permits or licenses were required. Therefore, submission of a voucher specimen to a herbarium was deemed unnecessary.

: Details regarding the plant name and its sources are provided in the Methodology section of this document.

: Authors grant their consent to publish this work upon acceptance.

: The authors declare no competing interests.