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Authors
Muniroh, Muflihatul
Nugraheni, Arwinda
Mulyono, Mulyono
Nindita, Yora
Swastawati, Fronthea
Bakri, Saekhol
Gumay, Ainun Rahmasari
Amqam, Hasnawati
Nugraha, Eka Djatnika
Marchianti, Ancah Caesarina Novi
Yamamoto, Megumi
Koriyama, Chihaya
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Kementerian Riset, Teknologi dan Pendidikan Tinggi (225-121/UN7.6.1/PP/2020)
the Institute of Research and Community Services, Indonesian Collaborative Research (325-22/UN7.D2/PP/V/2025)
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Article History
Received: 21 July 2025
Accepted: 7 January 2026
First Online: 20 January 2026
Declarations
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: This study was conducted in accordance with the Code of Ethics of the World Medical Association (Declaration of Helsinki). All research procedures complied with the relevant laws and institutional guidelines. Ethical approval was obtained from the Health Research Ethics Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Diponegoro, No. 71/EC/FK UNDIP/III/2019, March 18th, 2019, and Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, No. 190169疫-改5, December 25th, 2023. Informed consent was obtained from all the participants.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
