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Authors
Azli Syam, Nur Alyasyahira
Isa, Nor Kalsum Mohd
Yunos, Mohd Yazid Mohd
Isa, Nor Junainah Mohd
Sormin, Darliana
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) 2024 (No. FRGS/1/2024/SS07/UPSI/02/1 [2024-0079-106-02].)
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Article History
Received: 10 September 2025
Accepted: 23 January 2026
First Online: 11 February 2026
Declarations
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: Ethical approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris (Reference No. 2025-0836-01). The study was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines and regulations of the UPSI RMIC and in compliance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study.
: Not applicable.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
