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Article History

Received: 27 July 2025

Accepted: 9 February 2026

First Online: 31 March 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not require institutional ethical approval as it exclusively employed secondary data from the INbreast mammography dataset, which is publicly available through the Kaggle repository. The dataset was originally collected and curated by the respective authors in accordance with ethical guidelines, and all data were fully anonymized prior to public release. Not applicable. The research did not involve direct interaction with human participants, as all analyses were conducted on pre-existing, anonymized, open-access data.

: Not applicable. The study uses only publicly available datasets with no personally identifiable information, and therefore no additional consent for publication was required.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The authors confirm that all applicable data protection laws are complied with in relation to this study, the latter ought to be the same, and with respect to integrating the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA). The statistics used in the current research are de-identified and publicly accessible, guaranteeing that no personal or sensitive data had been gathered, manipulated, or revealed throughout the research. All the data manipulation and analysis processes were carried out with references to the institutional and international conventions of data privacy and security.