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Article History

Received: 12 August 2025

Accepted: 2 March 2026

First Online: 28 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The research presented in this manuscript complies with established ethical standards and guidelines. A questionnaire-based survey of smallholder Climate Smart Agriculture adopter farmers was conducted. The study methodology and questionnaire were evaluated and approved by the research and examiner committees of Debre Markos University and Injibara University. The study protocols adhered to the ethical guidelines of Debre Markos University and followed the principles of the 1964 Helsinki Declaration, its later amendments, or comparable ethical standards. The study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committees of Debre Markos University, Injibara University, and the Hungarian University of Agricultural and Life Sciences.

: Prior to participation, all respondents were fully informed of their rights and responsibilities and provided explicit written consent. The study was carried out in full compliance with the guidelines governing research involving human participants, as outlined by the Ethics Committees of the participating universities and it confidential.

: Not applicable.