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Article History

Received: 1 December 2025

Accepted: 5 March 2026

First Online: 14 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. This study involved only the design, fabrication, and performance testing of a cooking-stove prototype and did not involve human participants, human data/biological material, or live vertebrate animals. Therefore, ethical approval was not required. All experiments were conducted in accordance with the institution’s laboratory safety procedures and relevant regulations.

: Not Applicable.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants for the publication of their personal information and images included in this manuscript. Participants were informed about the purpose of publication, the scope of data dissemination, and their right to withdraw consent prior to submission. No identifying information has been included beyond what was explicitly consented to and deemed essential for scholarly purposes.

: The authors declare no competing interests.