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Article History

Received: 10 October 2025

Accepted: 11 March 2026

First Online: 14 May 2026

Declarations

:

: This study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Sekolah Tinggi Ekonomi dan Bisnis Islam Lampung, under approval number 144/STEBI/VII/2024, July 12, 2024. Informed consent will be obtained from all participants, ensuring they are fully aware of the study’s purpose, their voluntary involvement, and their right to withdraw at any time. Participant confidentiality will be strictly upheld, with personal data securely stored and used solely for research purposes. The integrity of the research will be preserved through accurate data collection, analysis, and reporting, avoiding any fabrication, falsification, or manipulation of data. Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study. For participants under the age of 18, consent was obtained from a parent and/or legal guardian.

: Informed consent for publication was obtained from all participants involved in this study.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures were performed in accordance with the relevant guidelines and regulations.