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Authors
Angula, Maria A.
Ishola, Anthony
Tjiurutue, Muvari
Sulyok, Michael
Krska, Rudolf
Ezekiel, Chibundu N.
Misihairabgwi, Jane
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of Namibia, unit of the Pro-Vice Chancellor: Research, Innovation and Development as well as the Austrian-African Research Network (P010)
University of Namibia, unit of the Pro-Vice Chancellor: Research, Innovation and Development as well as the Austrian-African Research Network (P010)
University of Namibia, unit of the Pro-Vice Chancellor: Research, Innovation and Development as well as the Austrian-African Research Network (P010)
University of Namibia, unit of the Pro-Vice Chancellor: Research, Innovation and Development as well as the Austrian-African Research Network (P010)
University of Namibia, unit of the Pro-Vice Chancellor: Research, Innovation and Development as well as the Austrian-African Research Network (P010)
University of Namibia, unit of the Pro-Vice Chancellor: Research, Innovation and Development as well as the Austrian-African Research Network (P010)
University of Namibia, unit of the Pro-Vice Chancellor: Research, Innovation and Development as well as the Austrian-African Research Network (P010)
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Article History
Received: 14 October 2025
Accepted: 17 March 2026
First Online: 21 April 2026
Declarations
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: This research was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Authorization to conduct this study was obtained from the Decentralized Ethics Committee of the University of Namibia (Reference number: DEC04/2022), the Ministry of Health and Social Services (Reference number: 22/4/2/3) and National Commission on Research, Science and Technology (Authorization number: 202306006). Permission to conduct research was granted by the Oshana regional councillors and the village heads. Written informed consent was obtained from each childcare provider who was either a parent or legal guardian prior to participation in the study. The consent process included detailed explanations of confidentiality, voluntary participation, the right to withdraw at any time, and the potential risks and benefits of the study.
: Written informed consent for publication was obtained from each childcare provider who was either a parent or legal guardian of the participating children under five years from Oshana region.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
