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Article History

Received: 10 November 2025

Accepted: 24 March 2026

First Online: 30 March 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable. This study did not involve any human participants or animal subjects requiring ethical approval.

: Not applicable. No participants were recruited or involved in experimental procedures requiring consent.

: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any personal data of individuals in any form (including individual details, images, or videos).

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Not applicable.

: This manuscript presents the first integrated Circular Management Model (CMM) for geotechnical engineering, combining finite element modeling, life-cycle assessment, and probabilistic risk analysis into a unified, validated framework. The model offers a scientifically rigorous and practically applicable pathway for developing circular infrastructure.