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Article History

Received: 16 October 2025

Accepted: 15 April 2026

First Online: 19 April 2026

Declarations

:

: This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors. All research involved in this study is related to material tests and mechanical property analysis of ultra-high performance concrete, which does not require ethical approval.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests.