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Authors
Abushagur, Abdulfatah A. G.
Yusoff, Zulfadzli
Ibrahim, Siti Azlida
Sarker, Md Tanjil
Hamzah, Abdulwahhab Essa
Arsad, Norhana
Bakar, Ahmad Ashrif A.
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Multimedia University (MMUI/250021)
Multimedia University (MMUI/240045)
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (MI-2020-001)
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Article History
Received: 24 November 2025
Accepted: 29 April 2026
First Online: 19 May 2026
Declarations
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: Not applicable.
: Not applicable.
: During the preparation of this work, the author used Microsoft Copilot to assist with refining language, structuring content, and enhancing clarity. After using this tool, the author reviewed and edited the content as needed and takes full responsibility for the final version of the manuscript.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
