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Article History

Received: 10 December 2025

Accepted: 12 May 2026

First Online: 12 June 2026

Declarations

:

: This study did not involve human participants or animals and therefore did not require ethical approval. The collection and use of plant material in this study complied with all applicable local and national guidelines and regulations. The plant material was collected in accordance with the relevant environmental and biodiversity conservation regulations in force in the study area. Where applicable, prior authorization and permission were obtained from the appropriate local authorities and landowners. No protected or endangered plant species were involved in this study.

: (Not applicable). No plants/plant parts have been collected.

: All experimental and field procedures involving plant material in this study complied with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines and legislation governing plant research and biodiversity conservation. The study adheres to the principles of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Policy Statement on Research Involving Species at Risk of Extinction, and the conservation status of the studied plant species was verified using the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. The species investigated is not listed under the Convention on the Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES), and therefore no CITES permit was required. Plant material of Genus species Author, Year was collected from wild sources in the Lower Ouémé Valley Biosphere Reserve, Benin, Located between latitudes 6° 20′ 19.3" N and 7° 7′ 41.7" N and longitudes 2° 4′ 16.7" E and 2° 4′ 22.1" E. The plant material was taxonomically identified by Prof Brice Sinsin from Laboratory of Applied Ecology using standard botanical keys. A voucher specimen was prepared and deposited at National herbarium of Benin to ensure reproducibility and future reference.

: Not applicable.

: The authors declare no competing interests