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Authors
Cheng, Huiqin https://orcid.org/0009-0006-6592-1064
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Special Faculty Research Project under the Training Track of the Master of Policing Program at Henan Police College (HNJY-2025-JWZX-A09)
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Article History
Received: 18 March 2026
Accepted: 15 June 2026
First Online: 23 June 2026
Declarations
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: Not applicable for human subjects or animal research. This study is based entirely on network traffic data analysis. The private datasets ("Real-Industry-2025" and "Fin-Sec-2025") utilized in this research underwent stringent anonymization processes (e.g., hash replacement for MAC/IP addresses, application payload stripping) prior to extraction, fully complying with industrial data security regulations, PCI-DSS compliance requirements, and ethical research guidelines regarding privacy leakage concerns. No personally identifiable human data was collected or analyzed.Not applicable.
: Not applicable. The manuscript does not contain any individual person’s data in any form (including individual details, images, or videos).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
