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Authors
Piekert, Florian https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0140-259X
Stelkens-Kobsch, Tim H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-6628
Schaper, Meilin https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5189-0242
Boumann, Hilke https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2201-9234
Carstengerdes, Nils https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4056-1502
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
H2020 European Research Council (101021274)
Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt e.V. (DLR)
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Article History
Received: 17 March 2025
Accepted: 7 August 2025
First Online: 11 September 2025
Declarations
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: The validation exercises that were performed to obtain the data for the presented study did not include the recording of personal information. Neither name, gender, or age nor other aspects that allow to associate any given questionnaire response to any individual participant were recorded by DLR, following Chatham House rules and implementing aspects of the Declaration of Helsinki where appropriate. Written informed consent was collected for each participant prior to participation in any of the four exercises and the signing and collection was enforced prior to exercise start. These consent documents are stored, according to project decisions, by the corresponding exercise leading entity, following GDPR and additional organisational individual requirements. The project had instantiated an Ethics Board, governing ethics related aspects and creating corresponding documentation “D9.1 Research Ethics and Privacy Management,” “D9.2 Legal and Ethical Frameworks and Requirements,” and “D11.1 H-Requirement No 1” as required by H2020. The exercise preparation, execution, and data analysis adhered to those requirements. The involvement of an external Ethical Board was decided by the project’s Ethics Board to be not necessary. The process included guidance obtained from DLR’s Research Ethics Board. This study adheres to the principles of the Relevant Ethical Guidelines, e.g., Declaration of Helsinki or Chatham House Rules, and was conducted in accordance with the aforementioned PRAETORIAN Ethical Guidelines established by the PRAETORIAN Ethics Board and delivered as such to the European Commission as deliverable.
: Explicit consent for publication was not gathered from participants as no picture, video, audio or other personal data has been gathered during the exercises. The anonymisation of the questionnaire feedback according to the Chatham House Rules was considered to be sufficient by the project’s Ethics Board.
: The authors declare no competing interests.
