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Authors
Liu, Ruijin https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5023-9226
Sun, Xinying
Yang, Lin
Wu, Wei
He, Changhui
Lin, Ziqing
Shen, Danyan
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation (NO.2019RC325)
Hainan Provincial Natural Science Foundation (No.722MS140)
Central Public-interest Scientific Institution Basal Research Fund (1630022022004)
Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences for Science and Technology Innovation Team of National Tropical Agricultural Science Center (No.CATASCXTD202505)
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Article History
Received: 12 January 2025
Revised: 4 January 2026
Accepted: 8 January 2026
First Online: 18 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper. This paper does not use AI except for the translation from Chinese to English.
: The surveys were approved by the Rubber Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences. All survey and interview procedures were carried out in full compliance with the ethical guidelines for social science research in China and the Code of Ethics of the International Sociological Association. The introductory paragraph of each questionnaire clearly outlined the purpose of the study, measures taken to ensure privacy protection, and participants’ right to withdraw at any time without penalty. Participants received compensation in the form of gifts or cash (approximately 20 RMB in 2013 and 2016, 30 RMB in 2019, and 50 RMB in 2023) as reimbursement for their time. This compensation was approved by the institute and was not considered coercive or unduly influential. To safeguard participant privacy, all personally identifiable information—such as names, specific addresses, and phone numbers—was removed from both the questionnaires and interview recordings and replaced with unique identification codes. All research data were encrypted and securely stored on a restricted-access server. Data will be used solely for the academic research purposes specified in this study.
: Prior to the survey and interview, field investigators first introduced themselves to each participant and then explained the study's purpose, privacy policies, estimated time commitment, compensation, and other relevant information. Participants were informed that they had the right to decline participation without any obligation. The interview proceeded only after obtaining explicit consent. The wording of the statements used across the four rounds of surveys varied slightly.
