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Authors
Tumen, Anar https://orcid.org/0009-0001-2946-1156
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Hitotsubashi University Institute of Economic Research Joint Usage/Research Center Program (Government Statistics Anonymous Data Utilization Promotion Program)
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Article History
Received: 8 January 2025
Revised: 17 July 2025
Accepted: 15 September 2025
First Online: 22 October 2025
Declarations
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: This research was supported by the Joint Usage and Research Center, Institute of Economic Research, Hitotsubashi University, Japan (Grant ID: IERAD2001).
: Ethical approval was not required, as the study relies exclusively on secondary analysis of anonymized data. Due to confidentiality and legal restrictions, the data cannot be shared. However, all codes used to replicate the tables and graphs presented in this study are available upon request. Please let me know if you require further refinements.
