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Authors
Yi, Hui
Liu, Xueying
Okech, David
Clay-Warner, Jody
Liu, Liu
Deng, Xinwei https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1560-2405
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
U.S. Department of State (SSJTIP18CA0032)
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Article History
Received: 13 February 2026
Accepted: 10 June 2026
First Online: 29 June 2026
Declarations
Conflict of interest: The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
Ethical Approval: The proposal and all supporting documents were submitted to Comité National d’Ethique pour la Recherche en Santé (CNERS) in Dakar, Senegal, and the institutional review board at University of Georgia for review and approval. Permission was also sought from the regional and departmental governments in the respective geographical areas to be involved in the study.
