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Article History

Received: 17 March 2022

Accepted: 15 November 2022

First Online: 8 December 2022

Additional Information 

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: This study was partially funded by a National Institutes of Health Grant (R01MH113752) awarded to Bethany A. Teachman and a University of Virginia Hobby Postdoctoral and Predoctoral Fellowship Grant awarded to Bethany A. Teachman and Laura E. Barnes. Bethany A. Teachman, Laura E. Barnes, and Mehdi Boukhechba are supported by a National Institutes of Health Grant (1R01MH132138-01). Ilana Ladis is supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship under grant no. 1842490. Katie Daniel is supported by a University of Virginia Jefferson Scholars Fellowship. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The dataset is available on Open Science Framework: .

: R code used for analyses is available on Open Science Framework: .

: Ilana Ladis: conceptualization (lead), formal analysis (lead), methodology (lead), writing—original draft (lead), and writing—review and editing (lead). Emma R. Toner: conceptualization (supporting), writing—original draft (supporting), and writing—review and editing (supporting). Alexander R. Daros: conceptualization (supporting), writing—original draft (supporting), and writing—review and editing (supporting). Katharine E. Daniel: conceptualization (supporting), writing—original draft (supporting), and writing—review and editing (supporting). Mehdi Boukhechba: investigation (lead) and data curation (lead). Philip I. Chow: investigation (lead) and data curation (lead). Laura E. Barnes: funding acquisition (lead) and supervision (supporting). Bethany A. Teachman: conceptualization (supporting), methodology (supporting), writing—original draft (supporting), writing—review and editing (supporting), funding acquisition (lead), and supervision (lead). Brett Q. Ford: conceptualization (supporting), methodology (supporting), writing—original draft (supporting), and writing—review and editing (supporting).

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of Virginia.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.