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Article History

Received: 18 December 2023

Accepted: 16 April 2025

First Online: 9 May 2025

Additional Information

:

: Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions. This work is supported by the following grants:(1). Emotional Well-Being Data Analysis Grant by the Emotional Well-Being Network awarded to Brian Don. (2). Templeton Religion Trust grant awarded to Chris Sibley, Joseph Bulbulia, Geoff Troughton, and Don E. Davis (TRT- 2021–10418).

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

: Not applicable

: B.D. wrote the main manuscript text, conducted the primary statistical analyses, and proposed the idea for this project. K.L. provided consultation on statistical analyses and feedback on the manuscript. C.G. provided the data and feedback on the proposal and data analytic strategy. N.O. provided feedback and edits to the manuscript and data analytic plan. D.O. provided feedback and edits to the manuscript and data analytic plan, and conducted the supplemental statistical analyses. All authors reviewed and approved the manuscript before it was submitted.

: The New Zealand Attitudes and Values Study was approved by the University of Auckland Human Participants Ethics Committee on 26/05/2021 until 26/05/2024, and renewed on 02/05/2023 until 26/05/2027. Reference Number: UAHPEC22576.

: Not applicable

: Not applicable

: All participants provided informed consent to participate in this research, and this the study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards outlined in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki.