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Authors
Schouten, Anna
Bodner, Nadja
Boiger, Michael
Ceulemans, Eva
Uchida, Yukiko
Mesquita, Batja
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Research Foundation Flanders (12R3715N)
iBOF grant, University of Leuven (IBOF/21/090, IBOF/21/090)
University of Leuven Research Council (OT/13/050)
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Article History
Received: 23 December 2024
Accepted: 8 July 2025
First Online: 23 August 2025
Additional Information
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: The research was supported by two grants from the University of Leuven Research Council awarded to Batja Mesquita (OT/13/050, C14/17/048), a postdoctoral fellowship by the Research Foundation Flanders (FWO) awarded to Michael Boiger (12R3715N), and an iBOF grant from the University of Leuven awarded to Batja Mesquita and Eva Ceulemans (IBOF/21/090).
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: No datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.
: A.S. contributed to the conception and design of the work, collected the observational data, interpreted the sequence data and wrote the main manuscript text. N.B. and E.C. analyzed and interpreted the sequence data. M.B. contributed to the conception and design of the work, collected the video-recorded material, and interpreted the sequence data. Y.U. and B.M. contributed to the conception and design of the work, the collection of both video-recorded material and observational data in Japan and Belgium, respectively, and interpreted the sequence data. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
: The study was approved by the Social and Societal Ethics Committee of the University of Leuven (G-2015 08 312, Interactions in Close Relationships).
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to the study.
