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Authors
Girard, Jeffrey M. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7359-3746
Jun, Daiil https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5494-8417
Ong, Desmond C. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6781-8072
Liebenthal, Einat https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4917-8160
Baker, Justin T. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6629-2195
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
National Institutes of Health (P20 GM152280)
National Institutes of Health (U01 MH116925)
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Article History
Received: 5 September 2025
Accepted: 24 December 2025
First Online: 24 February 2026
Additional Information
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: J.M.G. has received research support in the past from Google and currently serves as an academic consultant at Meta.
: Access to SEND can be requested by completing the online form at: . Due to its sensitive nature and the difficulty of de-identifying unstructured text data, BLS is not shared. The current study’s code is openly available from:
: J.M.G. wrote the main manuscript text; J.M.G. and D.J. processed the data and ran the analyses; D.C.O., E.L., and J.T.B. provided data. All authors reviewed the manuscript.
: Approval was obtained from the University of Kansas institutional review board. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.
