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Article History

Received: 21 August 2024

Revised: 10 November 2025

Accepted: 12 February 2026

First Online: 8 March 2026

Declarations

:

: The authors report no conflict of interest, which may affect the publication of this research paper.

: This study did not involve human participants or animals. Therefore, ethical approval was not required. All experimental procedures were conducted in accordance with relevant institutional, national, and international guidelines for environmental and laboratory safety.

: Not applicable.

: All authors have reviewed the manuscript and provided their consent for publication in the Journal of Pavement Research and Technology .