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Article History

Received: 15 May 2023

Accepted: 16 April 2025

First Online: 14 May 2025

Declarations

:

: This research did not involve human participants or animals. The dataset used was prepared from pap smear images, including images containing dead cells, for the purpose of enhancing image quality using deep learning techniques.

: Not applicable. This study did not involve direct interaction with human participants. The Pap smear images were used, and the dataset preparation adhered to ethical guidelines. Therefore, informed consent was not required.

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.