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Authors
Abd Samad, Md Fahmi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5519-5832
Zainal, Zairulazha
Jamaluddin, Hishamuddin
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
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Article History
Received: 29 April 2025
Accepted: 25 June 2025
First Online: 11 July 2025
Declarations
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: This study does not involve experiments on animals or the collection of personal data from human participants.
: Informed consent was not required as the study did not involve identifiable human data.
: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
