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Authors
Smith, Callum https://orcid.org/0009-0002-2333-644X
Rafferty, Karen https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6889-8587
Sharma, Vishal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7470-6506
Rainey, Eben https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1151-3116
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
Department for Education, UK Government
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Article History
Received: 7 October 2025
Accepted: 9 March 2026
First Online: 30 March 2026
Declarations
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: The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
: All experimental protocols were reviewed and approved by the Ethics Review Board of Queen’s University Belfast. All procedures involving human participants were conducted in accordance with the relevant institutional guidelines and regulations. Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study. The authors certify that the study was performed in accordance with the ethical standards laid down in the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.
