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Article History

Received: 18 August 2025

Accepted: 13 November 2025

First Online: 10 December 2025

Declarations

:

: This study was conducted using non-invasive camera trap methods and did not involve direct handling, capture, or disturbance of wildlife. No experimental procedures were performed on animals. As the research relied solely on remote, non-invasive monitoring in public and authorized lands, specific animal ethics approval was not required.

: Some camera traps opportunistically recorded the presence of humans and domestic dogs. These images were not analyzed beyond recording presence/absence and time of observation, and all data have been handled in accordance with privacy and ethical guidelines to ensure that individuals are not identifiable in any disseminated material.

: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.