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Authors
Cvetković, Tijana https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5981-0134
Nazarizadeh, Masoud https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1891-9870
Koudelková, Tereza
Lishchenko, Fedor https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8340-346X
Dinh, Yen H. T.
Almansa, Eduardo https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1015-1334
Osland, Hannah https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0981-8170
Scholz, Tomáš https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6340-3750
Lajbner, Zdeněk https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7528-5408
Hua, Qiaz Q. H. https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3128-7273
Drábková, Marie https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1389-3605
Štefka, Jan https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1283-9730
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Funding
Funding for this research was provided by:
University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice
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Article History
Received: 20 August 2024
Accepted: 30 December 2025
First Online: 17 February 2026
Declarations
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: The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
: Collection of the samples in the Atlantic area (NE Atlantic, Mediterranean), Vietnam and China (South China Sea), and Bass Strait (Australia) was performed without a necessity for ethics approval (dead cephalopods purchased on fish markets were processed), except in the Canary Islands where the procedures for sea captured O. vulgaris were approved by the Ethics Committee of the National Competent Authority on Animal Welfare (project number: CEIBA 1377–2023). In Okinawa, samples were collected from fresh cadavers of cephalopods kept for various research purposes (protocol ACUP 2020–020 of the Physics and Biology Unit of OIST) at the OIST Marine Science Station during routine pathological examinations and none of the cephalopods were kept or sacrificed for the purpose of this research. Sampling in Hawaii (Pacific area) was approved by an ethical committee at the respective institution (Temple University, Kailua, Hawaii, USA).
