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Article History

Received: 7 March 2025

Revised: 4 September 2025

Accepted: 8 October 2025

First Online: 16 April 2026

Declarations

: Below is the list of statements and declarations regarding our research that is requested by Sage publishing.

: This study has formal ethics approval from the University of Delaware IRB (approval number 895970–1). Further, we confirm that participants for the study agreed to an informed consent.

: The informed consent process for this study offered a description of the study and assurance of participant understanding followed by a signed consent form prior to study participation. Informed consent continued throughout the study via a dialogue between the researchers and research participant.

: This publication contains no data from an individual person (individual details, images, or videos). While volunteers consented to the use of their likeness for the purpose of the study (e.g., participants observing volunteer images and ranking perceived power and warmth), these volunteers did not consent to the reproduction of their likeness in this publication. The images used in Fig.  are from a lab team member that freely offered the use of her likeness for the purpose of providing an example of study materials.

: The authors report there are no competing interests to declare.