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Observer bias in bird census: in forest assemblages, richness estimates appear the most sensitive metrics – a cautionary note with educational implications

Crossref DOI link: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43388-026-00271-6

Published Online: 2026-02-02

Update policy: https://doi.org/10.1007/springer_crossmark_policy

Authors

Battisti, Corrado https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2621-3659
Bonucci, Francesco https://orcid.org/0009-0009-5355-7463
Branca, Fabrizio

Gerardo, Antonio

Giovacchini, Pietro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1808-2185
Haxhiu, Mirena

Marescalchi, Chiara https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9310-0092
Marsili, Letizia https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2474-4587
License Information

Text and Data Mining valid from 2026-02-02

Version of Record valid from 2026-02-02
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Article History

Received: 20 July 2025

Revised: 29 December 2025

Accepted: 9 January 2026

First Online: 2 February 2026

Declarations

:

: Not applicable.

: All authors agreed with the content and that all gave explicit consent to submit.

: All authors agreed to participate in this study and co-authorship.

: The authors declare no competing interests.

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