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Article History

Received: 25 November 2018

Accepted: 11 May 2019

First Online: 24 January 2020

Compliance with ethical standards

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: NP: other from Spinewave and NuVasive, outside the submitted work. HB: none. RL: grants from North American Spine Society, Scoliosis Research Society (SRS), DePuy Spine, NuVasive, Stryker, and K2M; personal fees from Globus, AO Spine, and DePuy Spine; other from Nemaris INC, outside the submitted work. MG: personal fees and nonfinancial support from DePuy and Medtronic; personal fees from Innomed; other from J&J and P&G; grants from AO Spine and OMeGA, outside the submitted work. JSS: grants from DePuy Synthes/International Spine Study Group (ISSG), during the conduct of the study; personal fees from K2M, AlloSource, Cerapedics, Zimmer Biomet, and NuVasive; grants from NREF, AO Spine, and DePuy Synthes/ISSG, outside the submitted work. CS: grants from ISSG Foundation, during the conduct of the study; personal fees from Medtronic, NuVasive, Zimmer Biomet, and EOS, outside the submitted work. GM: personal fees from NuVasive, K2M, Allosource, Viseon, and Seaspine, outside the submitted work; in addition, GM has a patent NuVasive with royalties paid, and a patent K2M with royalties paid; and is on the board of directors of the Society for Lateral Access Surgery, San Diego Spine Foundation, and Global Spine Outreach. DB: grants, personal fees, and other from DePuy Spine; nonfinancial support from International Spine Study Group, Scoliosis Research Society, and University of Kansas Physicians; other from Bioventus and Pfizer, outside the submitted work. CA: personal fees from Stryker, Biomet Zimmer Spine, DePuy Synthes, NuVasive, Next Orthosurgical, K2M, Medicrea, Medtronic, and Biomet Zimmer; other from Titan Spine, DePuy Synthes, ISSG, and Operative Neurosurgery; grants from SRS and ISSG; other from Global Spinal Analytics, outside the submitted work. EK: personal fees from DePuy Synthes, Stryker, and K2M; grants and personal fees from AO Spine; personal fees from Trevena, Springer, Allosource, and Medicrea, outside the submitted work. SB: grants from DePuy Synthes Spine, during the conduct of the study; grants from DePuy Synthes Spine and Orthofix; grants and personal fees from K2 Medical; grants from Stryker Spine and Biomet Spine, outside the submitted work. FS: grants from DePuy Spine, Stryker, NuVasive, and K2M; personal fees from Globus Medical, Medicrea, Zimmer-Biomet, NuVasive, K2M, and MSD; other from Nemaris Inc., outside the submitted work. VL: other from Nemaris, outside the submitted work. ISSG: grants from DePuy Synthes Spine, K2M, NuVasive, and Orthofix, during the conduct of the study; grants from DePuy Synthes Spine, Medtronic, Stryker, Biomet, and Globus, outside the submitted work.

: Patients were enrolled after obtaining proper consent through an institutional review board (IRB)-approved protocol at each site participating to the study.