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Article History

Received: 17 October 2018

Accepted: 5 May 2019

First Online: 24 January 2020

Compliance with ethical standards

:

: RFM (none), WRB (none), TSH (none), JTS (personal fees from Biomet, Ellipse, Globus, Spineguard, and Synthes, outside the submitted work; in addition, he has a patent DePuy with royalties paid), JBE (personal fees from Biomet, Medtronic, and Synthes, outside the submitted work; in addition, he has a patent DePuy with royalties paid), AS (personal fees from DePuy, Ethicon, Globus, NuVasive, Stryker, and Zimmer Biomet, outside the submitted work; in addition, he has a patent NuVasive with royalties paid, and a patent Zimmer Biomet with royalties paid), SG (personal fees from Decision Support in Medicine, Medtronic, and Mighty Oak Medical, outside the submitted work), JRS (personal fees from DePuy and NuVasive; other from Mosby and Wolters Kluwer Health, outside the submitted work), JMP (personal fees from DePuy, NuVasive, and Zimmer, outside the submitted work); Children’s Spine Study Group (none).

: IRB approval: The data used for this study were from the Children’s Spine Foundation Registry. All participating sites in this registry maintain IRB approval for input of patient information.