Girdler, Steven J.
Lieber, Alexander M. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6517-4472
Cho, Brian
Cho, Samuel K.
Allen, Abigail K.
Ranade, Sheena C.
Article History
Received: 11 February 2023
Accepted: 22 July 2023
First Online: 11 August 2023
Declarations
:
: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.
: As this study involved no patient data or human or animal subjects and was an analysis of institutional pain protocols, no institutional review board approval was required. As this study involved no patient data or human or animal subjects and was an analysis of institutional pain protocols, informed consent does not apply for this study.