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Article History

Received: 28 October 2023

Accepted: 23 April 2024

First Online: 3 May 2024

Declarations

:

: MWF has no conflicts of interest to disclose. JZ has no conflicts of interest to disclose. NJL has no conflicts of interest to disclose. CCR has no conflicts of interest to disclose. MSM has no conflicts of interest to disclose. MES has no conflicts of interest to disclose. TQ has no conflicts of interest to disclose. BDR has received grants from the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America and the Orthopedic Science Research Foundation. MGV has received grants from the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America, Orthopedic Science Research Foundation, Pediatric Spine Foundation, and Setting Scoliosis Straight Foundation and royalties from Biomet. He is a paid consultant for Stryker, Biomet, and NuVasive. MGV is on the Board of Directors of the Pediatric Spine Foundation, Pediatric Spine Study Group, and C4K. He is a former president of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America and is a Board Member, and Chair Emeritus of the International Pediatric Orthopaedic Symposium.

: This study did not require Columbia University Institutional Review Board review since our study used a public database. The database was created in accordance with the ethical standards of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: This study qualifies for a waiver of consent because it is a database study. It does not require patient participation, as all data has already been collected during routine clinical care. There is no potential to adversely affect the rights or welfare of subjects since this is a database study.

: No copyrighted materials or patient information is included in this manuscript submission.