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Article History

Received: 31 March 2025

Accepted: 9 August 2025

First Online: 6 September 2025

Declarations

:

: The authors’ conflict of interests are not relevant to this submission. PN has nothing to disclose. RH has nothing to disclose. JLG receives grants/contract support from Fischer Owen Fund (Travel Fund), Alan L. & Jacqueline B. Stuart Spine Center, Biom’Up, Cerapedics, Inc., Empirical Spine, Inc.; serves as a journal reviewer for The Spine Journal, Spine Deformity, Global Spine Journal; receives royalties from Acuity, Depuy, Medtronic, NuVasive, Stryker, FYR Medical, Expanding Innovations, Pacira Pharmaceuticals, Baxter, Broadwater, NASS, MiMedx; stock ownership in Cingulate Therapeutics, FYR Medical; speakers bureau for KyANA,; Shared papetnt with Medtronics; advisory roles with Medtronic, National Spine Health Foundation, Scoliosis Research Society, Stryker, ISSG. BL receives consulting fees from the International Spine Study Group (ISSG). SB receives grants/research support from Stryker, Medtronic, Globus, Depuy Synthes, Carlsmed, ISSG, and SI Bone; consulting fees from Stryker; speakers bureau participation for Stryker; other financial/material support from Stryker. LL receives royalties and consulting fees from Medtronic and Acuity Surgical; stock ownership in Momentum Health, See All AI, and NeuroVRD. RL receives consulting fees from Carlsmed. JS receives grants/contracts from DePuy Synthes/ISSGF, Globus, AOSpine, SeaSpine/Orthofix, NREF; consulting fees from Highridge, SeaSpine/Orthofix, Carlsmed, Medtronic, Cerapedics, Globus; stock ownership in Alphatec, Globus, Carlsmed; other financial support from Highridge, Globus. BD receives consulting fees from Medtronic, Spinal Alignment Solutions (CEO), Clariance, SpineArt, SpineVision. VL receives consulting fees from Alphatec and Mainstay Medical; stock ownership in VFT Solutions (Co-Founder) and See Spine LLC (Co-founder); speakers bureau participation for Johnson & Johnson, Implanet, and Stryker; royalties from Nuvasive. EK receives consulting fees from DePuy Synthes Spine, Stryker Spine, Medtronic, SeaSpine, SI Bone, Agnovos; stock ownership in MMI and Relatable; speakers bureau participation for AONA Spine, IMAST, and SRS; other financial support from Stryker Spine. HJK receives research support from ISSG and SI Bone; consulting fees from NuVasive; advisory board participation for Vivex Biologics and Aspen Medical; other financial support from ZimmerBiomet, K2M/Stryker, and Acuity Surgical. PP receives grants from CSRS; consulting fees from SpineVision, Medtronic, SpineWave, and Terumo; other financial/material support from Allosource and Globus Medical. KK receives consulting fees from DePuy Synthes; other financial/material support from DePuy Synthes, Stryker Spine, Orthofix, and SpineCraft. RE receives research support from NuVasive, Seaspine-Orthofix, Medtronic, SI Bone, Scripps Clinic Medical Group; consulting fees from Globus Medical, Seaspine-Orthofix, Aesculap, SI Bone, and OsteoCentric; stock ownership in Alphatec Spine, Globus, Orthofix, Spine Innovations, SI Bone, and OnPoint. board memberships with the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS), San Diego Orthopaedic Society (SDOS – Past President), and San Diego Spine Foundation (Board Member/CFO); other financial/material support from Globus Medical. Seaspine-Orthofix, Aesculap, SI Bone, OsteoCentric, Nuvasive, Seaspine and AONA. AD receives research support from Alphabet, Orthofix, and Medtronic; consulting fees from Stryker, Spine, and Medtronic. GM receives consulting fees from Carlsmed, NuVasive, Seaspine, SI Bone, and Viseon; stock ownership in Alphatec, NuVasive, and Orthofix; other financial/material support from NuVasive, Seaspine, and Stryker. TP receives grants from Medtronic and 3Spine; consulting fees from Globus Medical, NuVasive, Stryker Spine, and Medtronic; other financial/material support from Altus, OnePoint Surgical, Medtronic, and 3Spine. KH receives consulting fees from Medtronic. MG receives grants/contracts from ISSGF; consulting fees from DePuy, Globus, and Medtronic; other financial/material support including royalties and travel support from DePuy and Globus, royalty payments from Innomed, honorariums and travel support from Yale and SMAIO, travel support from Broadwater, and board membership in the Scoliosis Research Society/TCOA. FS receives grants/contracts from DePuy, K2M, NuVasive, Medtronic, Globus, Allosource, Orthofix, and SI Bone (paid through ISSGF); stock ownership in Mainstay Medical and ZimmerBiomet; stock ownership in VFT Solutions and SeeSpine (not compensated); royalties from Stryker Corp, ZimmerBiomet, and Medtronic. CS receives consulting fees from NuVasive; stock ownership in NuVasive; royalties from NuVasive. CA receives grants/contracts from Titan Spine, DePuy Synthes, ISSG, and SRS; consulting fees from DePuy Synthes, Medtronic, Medicrea, K2M, Agada Medical, and Carlsmed; board memberships in Operative Neurosurgery, Neurospine, ISSG, Global Spine Analytics, and SRS Safety and Value Committee; royalties from Biomet Zimmer Spine, DePuy Synthes, K2M, Medicrea, Next Orthosurgical, NuVasive, and Stryker.