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Authors
Jain, Harsh
Sarikonda, Advith
Ahluwalia, Ranbir
Zakieh, Omar
Montgomery, Austin
Navid, Walter
Raj, Philip
Baker, Clayton R.
Chanbour, Hani
Younus, Iyan
Zeoli, Tyler
Jonzzon, Soren
Zuckerman, Autumn
Bobo Tanner, S.
Lugo-Pico, Julian G.
Abtahi, Amir M.
Stephens, Byron F.
Zuckerman, Scott L. https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2951-2942
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Article History
Received: 4 September 2025
Accepted: 8 February 2026
First Online: 14 February 2026
Declarations
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: Vanderbilt University Medical Center (IRB#220894).
: Dr. Zuckerman reports being an unaffiliated neurotrauma consultant for the National Football League and a consultant for Medtronic. Dr. Abtahi receives institutional research support from Stryker Spine. Dr. Stephens receives institutional research funding from Globus, has received institutional research funding from Stryker, and is an editorial board member for the research journal Spine Research. No other perceived conflict of interest by any of the listed authors.
: Waived due to the retrospective nature of the study.
